The Reaction Conditions, Such As Temperature, Time, And Catalyst Loading Were Commuted To Investigate The Effect On The Yield Of Levulinic Acid
The outcomes indicated that an appealing LA yield of 59 % was accomplished at 200°C and 180 min with a 2:1 ratio of Amberlyst-15 catalyst and cellulose in GVL/H(2)O under N(2) pressure. The influence of different quantitys of NaCl addition to this reaction was also enquired. Polysaccharide polymer and environmental-friendly method for the acid-catalysed conversion of cellulose and high yield of the value-imparted chemical. Polysaccharides of Cellulose Nanofiber with Residual Hemicellulose as a Nanofiller in Polypropylene-established Nanocomposite. Residual hemicellulose could enhance cellulose nanofiber (CNF) processing as it obturates the agglomeration of the nanocellulose strands and conduces to complete nanofibrillation within a shorter period of time. Its effect on CNF performance as a reinforcement material is unclear, and hence this study assaies to evaluate the performance of CNF in the presence of amorphous hemicellulose as a reinforcement material in a polypropylene (PP) nanocomposite.
Two eccentrics of CNF were maked: SHS-CNF, which controled about 11% hemicellulose, and KOH-CNF, with complete hemicellulose removal. Mechanical properties of the PP/SHS-CNF and PP/KOH-CNF showed an almost similar increment in tensile strength (31% and 32%) and flexural strength (28% and 29%) when 3 wt.% of CNF was incorporated in PP, arguing that hemicellulose in SHS-CNF did not affect the mechanical attributes of the PP nanocomposite. The crystallinity of both PP/SHS-CNF and PP/KOH-CNF nanocomposites evidenced an almost similar value at 55-56%. A slight decrement in thermal stability was seen, whereby the decomposition temperature at 10% weight loss (T(d10%)) of PP/SHS-CNF was 6 °C lower at 381 °C compared to 387 °C for PP/KOH-CNF, which can be explained by the degradation of thermally unstable hemicellulose. The answers from this study recorded that the presence of some portion of hemicellulose in CNF did not affect the CNF attributes, advising that complete hemicellulose removal may not be necessary for the preparation of CNF to be used as a reinforcement material in nanocomposites. This will lead to less harsh pretreatment for CNF preparation and, hence, a more sustainable nanocomposite can be got.
shocks of degree of substitution of quaternary cellulose on the strength improvement of fiber meshworks. The degree of substitution (DS) of cellulose derivative is significantly assorted with its holdings. In this paper, a series of quaternary cellulose (QC) samples with different DS (croping from 0 to 0 ) were synthesised with assistance of microwave and their relationship with strength improvement of fiber networks was inquired systematically. QCs were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, (1)H NMR, and TGA, etc. The resultants evinced that the cationic quaternary ammonium salt group was successfully engrafted onto the sands of cellulose chains and the thermal stability was affiliated inversely with the DS of QCs. the solutions of strength test for the fiber meshings from secondary fiber of old corrugated containers testifyed that the tensile and burst strength was heightened by addition of QCs, and their performance was positively correlated their DS. The best result accomplished in this investigation was in the case of QC with DS of 0 , with growths of tensile and burst strength 6 % and 11 %, respectively, at a dosage of 1 wt% free-based on oven-dry pulp.
This investigation highlights the importance of DS of QC to its application in strength improvement for fiber webs. Porous carboxymethyl cellulose carbon of lignocellulosic free-based textiles comprised manganese oxide for supercapacitor application. The present work trained porous carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) carbon film from lignocellulosic grinded stuffs as supercapacitor electrode. Porous CMC carbon flicks of bamboo (B) and oil palm empty fruit bunch (O) were devised through simple incipient wetness impregnation method espoused by calcination process before incorporation with manganese oxide (Mn(2)O(3)).